In this working paper, Russia urges Israel and the United States (as an observer state) to reconsider their non-participation in the conference. Russia outlines reasons for these states to reconsider their positions, including the fact that, at some point, the member states of the conference may develop an interest in discussing broader regional security issues important to Israel. This would help address Israel's concerns. As such, Israel should participate in these conferences or, at the very least, send an observer.